Information about vertex attributes can be retrieved with the OGL function glGetProgram and the parameters GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES and GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_LENGTH.

The location of an active shader attribute can be determined by the OGL function glGetAttribLocation, by the index of the attribute.

GLuint shaderProg = ...;
std::map< std::string, GLint > attributeLocation;

GLint maxAttribLen, nAttribs;
glGetProgramiv( shaderProg, GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES, &nAttribs );
glGetProgramiv( shaderProg, GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTE_MAX_LENGTH, &maxAttribLen 
GLint written, size;
GLenum type;
std::vector< GLchar >attrName( maxAttribLen );
for( int attribInx = 0; attribInx < nAttribs; attribInx++ )
{
    glGetActiveAttrib( shaderProg, attribInx, maxAttribLen, &written, &size, &type, &attrName[0] );
    attributeLocation[attrName] = glGetAttribLocation( shaderProg, attrName.data() );
}

Information about active uniforms in a program can be retrieved with the OGL function glGetProgram and the parameters GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS and GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_MAX_LENGTH.

The location of an active shader uniform variable can be determined by the OGL function glGetActiveUniform, by the index of the attribute.

GLuint shaderProg = ...;
std::map< std::string, GLint > unifomLocation;

GLint maxUniformLen, nUniforms;
glGetProgramiv( shaderProg, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS, &nUniforms );
glGetProgramiv( shaderProg, GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORM_MAX_LENGTH, &maxUniformLen );

GLint written, size;
GLenum type;
std::vector< GLchar >uniformName( maxUniformLen );
for( int uniformInx = 0; uniformInx < nUniforms; uniformInx++ )
{
    glGetActiveUniform( shaderProg, uniformInx, maxUniformLen, &written, &size, &type, &uniformName[0] );
    unifomLocation[uniformName] = glGetUniformLocation( shaderProg, uniformName.data() );
}