An operator can be used to manipulate the flow of objects from Observable to Subscriber.

Observable<Integer> integerObservable = Observable.just(1, 2, 3); // creating a simple Integer observable
Subscriber<String> mSubscriber = new Subscriber<String>() {
    @Override
    public void onCompleted() {
        System.out.println("onCompleted called!");
    }

    @Override
    public void onError(Throwable throwable) {
        System.out.println("onError called");
    }

    @Override
    public void onNext(String string) {
        System.out.println("onNext called with: " + string);
    }
}; // a simple String subscriber

integerObservable
    .map(new Func1<Integer, String>() {
        @Override
        public String call(Integer integer) {
            switch (integer) {
                case 1:
                    return "one";
                case 2:
                    return "two";
                case 3:
                    return "three";
                default:
                    return "zero";
            }
        }
}).subscribe(mSubscriber);

The output would be:

onNext called with: one
onNext called with: two
onNext called with: three
onCompleted called!

The mapoperator changed the Integer observable to a String observable, thereby manipulating the flow of objects.

Operator Chaining

Multiple operators can be chained together to for more powerful transforms and manipulations.

integerObservable // emits 1, 2, 3
            .map(i -> i + 10) // adds 10 to each item; emits 11, 12, 13
            .filter(i -> i > 11) // emits items that satisfy condition; 12, 13
            .last() // emits last item in observable; 13
            // unlimited operators can be added ...
            .subscribe(System.out::println); // prints 13

Any number of operators can be added in between the Observable and Subscriber.

The flatMap operator help you to transform one event to another Observable (or transform an event to zero, one, or more events).

It's a perfect operator when you want to call another method which return an Observable

 public Observable<String> perform(int i) {
      // ...
 }

 Observable.just(1, 2, 3)
           .flatMap(i -> perform(i))
           .subscribe(result -> System.out.println("result ->" + result);

flatMap will serialize perform subscriptions but events emited by perform may not be ordered. So you may receive events emitted by the last perform call before events from the first perform call (you should use concatMap instead).

If your creating another Observable in your subscriber, you should use flatMap instead. The main idea is : never leave the Observable

For example :

 Observable.just(1, 2, 3)
           .subscribe(i -> perform(i));

can easily be replaced by :

 Observable.just(1, 2, 3)
           .flatMap(i -> perform(i))
           .subscribe();

Reactivex.io documentation : http://reactivex.io/documentation/operators/flatmap.html

You can use the filter operator to filter out items from the values stream based on a result of a predicate method.

In other words, the items passing from the Observer to the Subscriber will be discarded based on the Function you pass filter, if the function returns false for a certain value, that value will be filtered out.

Example:

List<Integer> integers = Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);

Observable.from(integers)
    .filter(number -> {
        return (number  % 2 == 0); 
        // odd numbers will return false, that will cause them to be filtered 
    })
    .map(i -> {
        return Math.pow(i, 2); // take each number and multiply by power of 2
    }) 
    .subscribe(onNext -> {
         System.out.println(onNext); // print out the remaining numbers
    });

This code will print out

0.0
4.0
16.0
36.0
64.0

You can use the map operator to map the values of a stream to different values based on the outcome for each value from the function passed to map. The outcome stream is a new copy and will not modify the provided stream of values, the result stream will have the same length of the input stream but may be of different types.

The function passed to .map(), must return a value.

Example:

List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3);
Observable.from(numbers)
    .map(number -> {
        return number.toString(); // convert each integer into a string and return it
    }) 
    .subscribe(onNext -> {
         System.out.println(onNext); // print out the strings
    });

This code will print out

"1"
"2"
"3"

In this example the Observable accepted a List<Integer> the list will be transformed to a List<String> in the pipeline and the .subscribe will emit String's

doOnNext operator called every time when source Observable emits an item. It can be used for debugging purposes, applying some action to the emitted item, logging, etc...

Observable.range(1, 3)
    .doOnNext(value -> System.out.println("before transform: " + value))
    .map(value -> value * 2)
    .doOnNext(value -> System.out.println("after transform: " + value))
    .subscribe();

In the example below doOnNext is never called because the source Observable emits nothing because Observable.empty() calls onCompleted after subscribing.

Observable.empty()
    .doOnNext(item -> System.out.println("item: " + item))
    .subscribe();

repeat operator allow to repeat whole sequence from source Observable.

Observable.just(1, 2, 3)
    .repeat()
    .subscribe(
        next -> System.out.println("next: " + next),
        error -> System.out.println("error: " + error),
        () -> System.out.println("complete")
    );

Output of the example above

next: 1
next: 2
next: 3
next: 1
next: 2
next: 3

This sequence repeats infinite number of times and never completes.

To repeat sequence finite number of times just pass integer as an argument to repeat operator.

Observable.just(1, 2, 3)
    // Repeat three times and complete
    .repeat(3)
    .subscribe(
        next -> System.out.println("next: " + next),
        error -> System.out.println("error: " + error),
        () -> System.out.println("complete")
    );

This example prints

next: 1
next: 2
next: 3
next: 1
next: 2
next: 3
next: 1
next: 2
next: 3
complete

It is very important to understand that repeat operator resubscribes to source Observable when source Observable sequence completes. Let's rewrite example above using Observable.create.

Observable.<Integer>create(subscriber -> {

    //Same as Observable.just(1, 2, 3) but with output message
    System.out.println("Subscribed");
    subscriber.onNext(1);
    subscriber.onNext(2);
    subscriber.onNext(3);
    subscriber.onCompleted();
})
        .repeat(3)
        .subscribe(
                next -> System.out.println("next: " + next),
                error -> System.out.println("error: " + error),
                () -> System.out.println("complete")
        );

This example prints

Subscribed
next: 1
next: 2
next: 3
Subscribed
next: 1
next: 2
next: 3
Subscribed
next: 1
next: 2
next: 3
complete

When using operator chaining it is important to know that repeat operator repeats whole sequence rather than preceding operator.

Observable.<Integer>create(subscriber -> {
    System.out.println("Subscribed");
    subscriber.onNext(1);
    subscriber.onNext(2);
    subscriber.onNext(3);
    subscriber.onCompleted();
})
        .map(value -> value * 2) //First chain operator
        .map(value -> "modified " + value) //Second chain operator
        .repeat(3)
        .subscribe(
                next -> System.out.println("next: " + next),
                error -> System.out.println("error: " + error),
                () -> System.out.println("complete")
        );

This example prints

Subscribed
next: modified 2
next: modified 4
next: modified 6
Subscribed
next: modified 2
next: modified 4
next: modified 6
Subscribed
next: modified 2
next: modified 4
next: modified 6
complete

This example shows that repeat operator repeats whole sequence resubscribing to Observable rather than repeating last map operator and it doesn't matter in which place in the sequence repeat operator used.

This sequence

Observable.<Integer>create(subscriber -> {
        //...
    })
    .map(value -> value * 2) //First chain operator
    .map(value -> "modified " + value) //Second chain operator
    .repeat(3)
    .subscribe(
        /*....*/
    );

is equal to this sequence

Observable.<Integer>create(subscriber -> {
        //...
    })
    .repeat(3)
    .map(value -> value * 2) //First chain operator
    .map(value -> "modified " + value) //Second chain operator
    .subscribe(
        /*....*/
    );