The GNU gprof profiler, gprof, allows you to profile your code. To use it, you need to perform the following steps:

1. Build the application with settings for generating profiling information

2. Generate profiling information by running the built application

3. View the generated profiling information with gprof

In order to build the application with settings for generating profiling information, we add the -pg flag. So, for example, we could use

$ gcc -pg *.cpp -o app

or

$ gcc -O2 -pg *.cpp -o app

and so forth.

Once the application, say app, is built, execute it as usual:

$ ./app

This should produce a file called gmon.out.

To see the profiling results, now run

$ gprof app gmon.out

(note that we provide both the application as well as the generated output).

Of course, you can also pipe or redirect:

$ gprof app gmon.out | less

and so forth.

The result of the last command should be a table, whose rows are the functions, and whose columns indicate the number of calls, total time spent, self time spent (that is, time spent in the function excluding calls to children).

For more complex applications, flat execution profiles may be difficult to follow. This is why many profiling tools also generate some form of annotated callgraph information.

gperf2dot converts text output from many profilers (Linux perf, callgrind, oprofile etc.) into a callgraph diagram. You can use it by running your profiler (example for gprof):

# compile with profiling flags  
g++ *.cpp -pg
# run to generate profiling data                                            
./main
# translate profiling data to text, create image     
gprof ./main | gprof2dot -s | dot -Tpng -o output.png

Google Perf Tools also provides a CPU profiler, with a slightly friendlier interface. To use it:

1. Install Google Perf Tools
2. Compile your code as usual
3. Add the libprofiler profiler library to your library load path at runtime
4. Use pprof to generate a flat execution profile, or a callgraph diagram

For example:

# compile code
g++ -O3 -std=c++11 main.cpp -o main

# run with profiler
LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libprofiler.so CPUPROFILE=main.prof CPUPROFILE_FREQUENCY=100000 ./main

where:

• CPUPROFILE indicates the output file for profiling data
• CPUPROFILE_FREQUENCY indicates the profiler sampling frequency;

Use pprof to post-process the profiling data.

You can generate a flat call profile as text:

$ pprof --text ./main main.prof
PROFILE: interrupts/evictions/bytes = 67/15/2016
pprof --text --lines ./main main.prof
Using local file ./main.
Using local file main.prof.
Total: 67 samples
      22  32.8%  32.8%       67 100.0% longRunningFoo ??:0
      20  29.9%  62.7%       20  29.9% __memmove_ssse3_back /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/string/../sysdeps/x86_64/multiarch/memcpy-ssse3-back.S:1627
       4   6.0%  68.7%        4   6.0% __memmove_ssse3_back /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/string/../sysdeps/x86_64/multiarch/memcpy-ssse3-back.S:1619
       3   4.5%  73.1%        3   4.5% __random_r /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/random_r.c:388
       3   4.5%  77.6%        3   4.5% __random_r /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/random_r.c:401
       2   3.0%  80.6%        2   3.0% __munmap /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/misc/../sysdeps/unix/syscall-template.S:81
       2   3.0%  83.6%       12  17.9% __random /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/random.c:298
       2   3.0%  86.6%        2   3.0% __random_r /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/random_r.c:385
       2   3.0%  89.6%        2   3.0% rand /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/rand.c:26
       1   1.5%  91.0%        1   1.5% __memmove_ssse3_back /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/string/../sysdeps/x86_64/multiarch/memcpy-ssse3-back.S:1617
       1   1.5%  92.5%        1   1.5% __memmove_ssse3_back /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/string/../sysdeps/x86_64/multiarch/memcpy-ssse3-back.S:1623
       1   1.5%  94.0%        1   1.5% __random /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/random.c:293
       1   1.5%  95.5%        1   1.5% __random /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/random.c:296
       1   1.5%  97.0%        1   1.5% __random_r /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/random_r.c:371
       1   1.5%  98.5%        1   1.5% __random_r /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/random_r.c:381
       1   1.5% 100.0%        1   1.5% rand /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/rand.c:28
       0   0.0% 100.0%       67 100.0% __libc_start_main /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/csu/libc-start.c:287
       0   0.0% 100.0%       67 100.0% _start ??:0
       0   0.0% 100.0%       67 100.0% main ??:0
       0   0.0% 100.0%       14  20.9% rand /build/eglibc-3GlaMS/eglibc-2.19/stdlib/rand.c:27
       0   0.0% 100.0%       27  40.3% std::vector::_M_emplace_back_aux ??:0

... or you can generate an annotated callgraph in a pdf with:

pprof --pdf ./main main.prof > out.pdf