To use OpenGL ES in your application you must add this to the manifest:

<uses-feature android:glEsVersion="0x00020000" android:required="true"/>

Create your extended GLSurfaceView:

import static android.opengl.GLES20.*; // To use all OpenGL ES 2.0 methods and constants statically

public class MyGLSurfaceView extends GLSurfaceView {
    
    public MyGLSurfaceView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
        super(context, attrs);

        setEGLContextClientVersion(2); // OpenGL ES version 2.0
        setRenderer(new MyRenderer());
        setRenderMode(GLSurfaceView.RENDERMODE_CONTINUOUSLY);
    }

    public final class MyRenderer implements GLSurfaceView.Renderer{
        public final void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 unused, EGLConfig config) {
            // Your OpenGL ES init methods
            glClearColor(1f, 0f, 0f, 1f);
        }
        public final void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 unused, int width, int height) {
            glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
        }

        public final void onDrawFrame(GL10 unused) {
            // Your OpenGL ES draw methods
            glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
        }
    }
}

Add MyGLSurfaceView to your layout:

<com.example.app.MyGLSurfaceView
    android:id="@+id/gles_renderer"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"/>

To use newer version of OpenGL ES just change the version number in your manifest, in the static import and change setEGLContextClientVersion.

The Assets folder is the most common place to store your GLSL-ES shader files. To use them in your OpenGL ES application you need to load them to a string in the first place. This functions creates a string from the asset file:

private String loadStringFromAssetFile(Context myContext, String filePath){
    StringBuilder shaderSource = new StringBuilder();
    try {
        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(myContext.getAssets().open(filePath)));
        String line;
        while((line = reader.readLine()) != null){
            shaderSource.append(line).append("\n");
        }
        reader.close();
        return shaderSource.toString();
    } catch (IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
        Log.e(TAG, "Could not load shader file");
        return null;
    }
}

Now you need to create a function that compiles a shader stored in a sting:

private int compileShader(int shader_type, String shaderString){
    
    // This compiles the shader from the string
    int shader = glCreateShader(shader_type);
    glShaderSource(shader, shaderString); 
    glCompileShader(shader);

    // This checks for for compilation errors
    int[] compiled = new int[1];
    glGetShaderiv(shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, compiled, 0);
    if (compiled[0] == 0) {
        String log = glGetShaderInfoLog(shader);

        Log.e(TAG, "Shader compilation error: ");
        Log.e(TAG, log);
    }
    return shader;
}

Now you can load, compile and link your shaders:

// Load shaders from file
String vertexShaderString = loadStringFromAssetFile(context, "your_vertex_shader.glsl");
String fragmentShaderString = loadStringFromAssetFile(context, "your_fragment_shader.glsl");

// Compile shaders
int vertexShader = compileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexShaderString);
int fragmentShader = compileShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, fragmentShaderString);

// Link shaders and create shader program
int shaderProgram = glCreateProgram();
glAttachShader(shaderProgram , vertexShader);
glAttachShader(shaderProgram , fragmentShader);
glLinkProgram(shaderProgram);

// Check for linking errors:
int linkStatus[] = new int[1];
glGetProgramiv(shaderProgram, GL_LINK_STATUS, linkStatus, 0);
if (linkStatus[0] != GL_TRUE) {
    String log = glGetProgramInfoLog(shaderProgram);

    Log.e(TAG,"Could not link shader program: ");
    Log.e(TAG, log);
}

If there are no errors, your shader program is ready to use:

glUseProgram(shaderProgram);