Supporting Screens With Different Resolutions, Sizes
Remarks:
Terms and concepts
Screen size
Actual physical size, measured as the screen's diagonal. For simplicity, Android groups all actual screen sizes into four generalized sizes: small, normal, large, and extra-large.
Screen density
The quantity of pixels within a physical area of the screen; usually referred to as dpi (dots per inch). For example, a "low" density screen has fewer pixels within a given physical area, compared to a "normal" or "high" density screen. For simplicity, Android groups all actual screen densities into six generalized densities: low, medium, high, extra-high, extra-extra-high, and extra-extra-extra-high.
Orientation
The orientation of the screen from the user's point of view. This is either landscape or portrait, meaning that the screen's aspect ratio is either wide or tall, respectively. Be aware that not only do different devices operate in different orientations by default, but the orientation can change at runtime when the user rotates the device. Resolution The total number of physical pixels on a screen. When adding support for multiple screens, applications do not work directly with resolution; applications should be concerned only with screen size and density, as specified by the generalized size and density groups. Density-independent pixel (dp) A virtual pixel unit that you should use when defining UI layout, to express layout dimensions or position in a density-independent way. The density-independent pixel is equivalent to one physical pixel on a 160 dpi screen, which is the baseline density assumed by the system for a "medium" density screen. At runtime, the system transparently handles any scaling of the dp units, as necessary, based on the actual density of the screen in use. The conversion of dp units to screen pixels is simple: px = dp * (dpi / 160). For example, on a 240 dpi screen, 1 dp equals 1.5 physical pixels. You should always use dp units when defining your application's UI, to ensure proper display of your UI on screens with different densities.
Units
px
Pixels - corresponds to actual pixels on the screen.
in
Inches - based on the physical size of the screen. 1 Inch = 2.54 centimeters
mm
Millimeters - based on the physical size of the screen.
pt
Points - 1/72 of an inch based on the physical size of the screen.
dp or dip
Density-independent Pixels - an abstract unit that is based on the physical density of the screen. These units are relative to a 160 dpi screen, so one dp is one pixel on a 160 dpi screen. The ratio of dp-to-pixel will change with the screen density, but not necessarily in direct proportion. Note: The compiler accepts both "dip" and "dp", though "dp" is more consistent with "sp".
sp
Scale-independent Pixels - this is like the dp unit, but it is also scaled by the user's font size preference. It is recommend you use this unit when specifying font sizes, so they will be adjusted for both the screen density and user's preference. From Understanding Density Independence In Android:
| Unit | Description | Units Per Physical Inch | Density Independent | Same Physical Size On Every Screen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| px | Pixels | Varies | No | No |
| in | Inches | 1 | Yes | Yes |
| mm | Millimeters | 25.4 | Yes | Yes |
| pt | Points | 72 | Yes | Yes |
| dp | Density Independent Pixels | ~160 | Yes | No |
| sp | Scale Independent Pixels | ~160 | Yes | No |
References:
Using configuration qualifiers
Android supports several configuration qualifiers that allow you to control how the system selects your alternative resources based on the characteristics of the current device screen. A configuration qualifier is a string that you can append to a resource directory in your Android project and specifies the configuration for which the resources inside are designed.
To use a configuration qualifier:
- Create a new directory in your project's res/ directory and name it using the format:
<resources_name>-<qualifier>.<resources_name>is the standard resource name (such as drawable or layout). <qualifier>is a configuration qualifier, specifying the screen configuration for which these resources are to be used (such as hdpi or xlarge).
For example, the following application resource directories provide different layout designs for different screen sizes and different drawables. Use the mipmap/ folders for launcher icons.
res/layout/my_layout.xml // layout for normal screen size ("default")
res/layout-large/my_layout.xml // layout for large screen size
res/layout-xlarge/my_layout.xml // layout for extra-large screen size
res/layout-xlarge-land/my_layout.xml // layout for extra-large in landscape orientation
res/drawable-mdpi/graphic.png // bitmap for medium-density
res/drawable-hdpi/graphic.png // bitmap for high-density
res/drawable-xhdpi/graphic.png // bitmap for extra-high-density
res/drawable-xxhdpi/graphic.png // bitmap for extra-extra-high-density
res/mipmap-mdpi/my_icon.png // launcher icon for medium-density
res/mipmap-hdpi/my_icon.png // launcher icon for high-density
res/mipmap-xhdpi/my_icon.png // launcher icon for extra-high-density
res/mipmap-xxhdpi/my_icon.png // launcher icon for extra-extra-high-density
res/mipmap-xxxhdpi/my_icon.png // launcher icon for extra-extra-extra-high-density
Converting dp and sp to pixels
When you need to set a pixel value for something like Paint.setTextSize but still want it be scaled based on the device, you can convert dp and sp values.
DisplayMetrics metrics = Resources.getSystem().getDisplayMetrics();
float pixels = TypedValue.applyDimension(TypedValue.COMPLEX_UNIT_SP, 12f, metrics);
DisplayMetrics metrics = Resources.getSystem().getDisplayMetrics();
float pixels = TypedValue.applyDimension(TypedValue.COMPLEX_UNIT_DIP, 12f, metrics);
Alternatively, you can convert a dimension resource to pixels if you have a context to load the resource from.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<dimen name="size_in_sp">12sp</dimen>
<dimen name="size_in_dp">12dp</dimen>
</resources>
// Get the exact dimension specified by the resource
float pixels = context.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.size_in_sp);
float pixels = context.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.size_in_dp);
// Get the dimension specified by the resource for use as a size.
// The value is rounded down to the nearest integer but is at least 1px.
int pixels = context.getResources().getDimensionPixelSize(R.dimen.size_in_sp);
int pixels = context.getResources().getDimensionPixelSize(R.dimen.size_in_dp);
// Get the dimension specified by the resource for use as an offset.
// The value is rounded down to the nearest integer and can be 0px.
int pixels = context.getResources().getDimensionPixelOffset(R.dimen.size_in_sp);
int pixels = context.getResources().getDimensionPixelOffset(R.dimen.size_in_dp);
Text size and different android screen sizes
Sometimes, it's better to have only three options
style="@android:style/TextAppearance.Small"
style="@android:style/TextAppearance.Medium"
style="@android:style/TextAppearance.Large"
Use small and large to differentiate from normal screen size.
<TextView
android:id="@+id/TextViewTopBarTitle"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
style="@android:style/TextAppearance.Small"/>
For normal, you don't have to specify anything.
<TextView
android:id="@+id/TextViewTopBarTitle"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
Using this, you can avoid testing and specifying dimensions for different screen sizes.
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